The modern industrial system is an important foundation for high-quality development and a key support for national competitiveness and long-term development. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out the need to build a modern industrial system and consolidate and strengthen the foundation of the real economy. The period of the 15th Five Year Plan is a crucial period for China to consolidate the foundation and fully exert its efforts to achieve socialist modernization. To promote the modernization of China's industrial system to a higher level and achieve comprehensive upgrading, the focus of economic development must be placed on the real economy, maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing, adhering to the direction of intelligence, greenness, and integration, accelerating the construction of a strong manufacturing country, and providing strong support for achieving new and optimal economic development. Maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry is the foundation of the real economy, the cornerstone of building a country, the tool for revitalizing the nation, and the foundation of a strong country. It plays a core supporting role in the modern industrial system. Maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing industry means focusing on advanced manufacturing industry, building a solid foundation for the real economy, resolutely preventing the risk of "shifting from reality to virtuality", and providing solid support for promoting high-quality development of China's economy. On the one hand, coordinate the stability of "quantity" and the improvement of "quality". We need to not only match the growth rate of the manufacturing industry with the stage of economic development, but also enhance its "value" and competitiveness through structural optimization. Reasonable proportion "is not simply about maintaining scale, but about building a manufacturing system that covers key areas and achieves independent and controllable key links. This is a "stabilizer" for responding to global industrial and supply chain adjustments, preventing various risks and challenges, and also a strategic foundation for maintaining national economic security, technological security, and industrial security. Therefore, attention should be paid to grasping the relationship between the three aspects. One is to coordinate new and traditional driving forces. While cultivating and strengthening strategic emerging industries, we will continue to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries. Strengthen policy support and innovation investment in key areas such as new generation information technology and new materials, and actively build an advanced manufacturing cluster with international competitiveness. The second is to coordinate efficiency and safety. Implement precise support for key links and enterprises in the relationship industry chain and supply chain stability, such as land use, energy consumption, and funding, to safeguard the bottom line of the manufacturing industry's basic capabilities. For general manufacturing processes, it is necessary to follow market laws, guide them to orderly transfer to regions with lower costs and more concentrated factors, and continuously optimize the layout of productivity. The third is to coordinate the roles of government and market. The government needs to strengthen the supply of inclusive and functional policies, improve infrastructure and innovation ecology, and eliminate institutional barriers. Fully leverage the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, stimulate the vitality of various business entities, and promote the rational flow and efficient aggregation of various resource elements. On the other hand, we will vigorously develop advanced manufacturing industries. Advanced manufacturing is a high-end link in the manufacturing industry chain, with significant characteristics such as high technology, high efficiency, high quality, and high added value. It is the core direction of the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, and an important focus on improving the resilience and safety level of the industrial chain and supply chain, and developing new quality productivity. To develop advanced manufacturing industry, we must steadily advance the following practical paths. One is to promote the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries. Focusing on traditional industries such as steel, machinery, and chemicals, utilizing digital and intelligent technologies to achieve improvements in quality, efficiency, and environmental protection. Accelerate the elimination of outdated production capacity and cultivate a group of leading enterprises with international competitiveness. The second is to cultivate and strengthen emerging and future industries, aiming at the forefront of global technology and industrial transformation direction, focusing on the development of strategic emerging industries such as artificial intelligence and new materials, scientifically layout advanced energy storage and other future industries, and create new industrial growth engines. In addition, it is necessary to base on the resource endowment of each region, develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and promote the formation of an industrial pattern of complementary advantages and coordinated development while avoiding "internal competition" and industrial hollowing out. The important direction for developing new driving forces is at a critical stage of accelerating the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Intelligence, greening, and integration have become important directions for reshaping industrial competitiveness and cultivating new driving forces for development. This requires the concept of technological innovation, ecological priority, and collaborative development to be integrated throughout the entire process of industrial development, and to accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system that is independent, controllable, safe, reliable, and highly competitive. Firstly, drive industrial upgrading with intelligence and promote the deep integration of digital and intelligent technology with the real economy. At present, the new generation of information technology, such as artificial intelligence, big data and industrial Internet, is profoundly changing the production mode and management mode. From flexible production in smart factories to digital collaboration in industrial and supply chains, intelligence not only significantly improves production efficiency and product quality, but also promotes the transformation of industrial development from factor driven to innovation driven. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of an industrial Internet platform, promote the smooth flow of data elements, and realize the efficient connection of R&D, manufacturing, services and other links. Actively utilizing artificial intelligence to optimize processes, overcome key technologies, continuously enhance the core competitiveness of the industry, and inject strong development momentum into the modern industrial system. Secondly, we will lead the transformation of the green model and take solid steps towards promoting low-carbon development in the industry. Faced with the urgent needs of global climate change and ecological protection, green and low-carbon have become rigid constraints and key variables for sustainable industrial development. To promote the green transformation of industries, we must not only resolutely eliminate outdated production capacity with high energy consumption, high pollution, and low efficiency, but also vigorously develop emerging industries such as energy conservation, environmental protection, and green manufacturing, and build a green and low-carbon industrial structure. Therefore, it is necessary to actively promote green manufacturing, promote circular economy models, improve resource utilization efficiency, and reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Strengthen the research and development of green technologies, make breakthroughs in key areas such as new energy and energy storage, and provide technical support for the green transformation of industries. Advocate the concept of green consumption, guide industries to upgrade towards green and high-end development based on market demand, achieve coordinated progress between industrial development and ecological civilization construction, and expand sustainable development space for the modern industrial system. Thirdly, expand development space through integration, promote industrial chain synergy and value enhancement. Integrated development of industries is an important way to enhance the overall efficiency of the industrial system. Promote the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, extend the agricultural industry chain, develop new formats such as deep processing of agricultural products and rural tourism, and enhance the comprehensive efficiency of agriculture. Promote the deep integration of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries, facilitate the penetration of research and development design, modern logistics, financial services, etc. into the manufacturing industry, extend the industrial chain, and increase added value. Promote the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, break down industry barriers, optimize resource allocation, and give birth to new industries, new formats, and new models. Through comprehensive and multi-level industrial integration, we continuously enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the industrial and supply chains, and open up broad development prospects for the modern industrial system. To build a modern industrial system guided by the construction of a manufacturing powerhouse, it is necessary to establish a solid and powerful support and guarantee system. On the one hand, it is necessary to take the construction of a strong manufacturing country as the core driving force, and promote the coordinated efforts and mutual empowerment of the construction of a strong manufacturing country, a strong quality country, a strong aerospace country, a strong transportation country, and a strong network country. Among them, a strong manufacturing country is an important cornerstone for building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to continuously consolidate and enhance the pillar position of the manufacturing industry in China, improve the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing industry, and provide a solid industrial foundation for the construction of other strong countries. A strong quality country is a key guarantee. We must adhere to the principle of quality first and efficiency first, comprehensively promote the improvement of product, engineering, and service quality, and lead industrial optimization and upgrading with high standards. A strong aerospace country focuses on cutting-edge technology and high-end equipment, and through achieving significant innovation breakthroughs in the aerospace field, radiates and drives technological progress and level leaps in related industries such as new materials and electronic information, enhancing the overall innovation capability of the industrial system. To build a modern industrial system and construct an efficient circulation network for a strong transportation country, ensuring the efficient operation of the industrial and supply chains. Building a strong cyber nation and strengthening the digital foundation, accelerating the construction of interconnected, secure and controllable intelligent information infrastructure, providing strong digital momentum for industrial intelligent transformation and integrated development. The construction of the five major powers mentioned above requires organic connection, mutual promotion, and coordinated efforts to jointly shape the core competitiveness of China's modern industrial system. On the other hand, it is necessary to build a modern infrastructure system as a support to solidify the foundation of modern industrial development. Modern infrastructure is the "hard" support for building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to coordinate the construction of transportation, digital, energy and other infrastructure, and build a comprehensive, efficient, practical, intelligent, green, safe and reliable modern infrastructure system. In terms of transportation infrastructure, we will accelerate the construction of a comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network, optimize regional transportation layout, and improve regional transportation accessibility and logistics efficiency. In terms of digital infrastructure, we will accelerate the construction of new types of infrastructure such as 5G networks and big data centers, promote the extension of digital infrastructure to rural and remote areas, and build a nationwide integrated digital infrastructure network. In terms of energy infrastructure, we will accelerate the construction of new power systems, promote the construction of clean energy bases such as wind power and photovoltaics, and provide energy support for the green development of industries. At the same time, we will pay attention to the intelligent and green upgrading of infrastructure, promote the integrated development of transportation, digital, and energy infrastructure, enhance the level of coordinated and efficient operation of infrastructure, and lay a solid hardware foundation for the construction of a modern industrial system. (Outlook on the New Era) Author: Li Tao (Vice President of Central University of Finance and Economics)