The moon is like a well preserved 'time capsule', recording the history of the early solar system delivering life materials to Earth. Reporters learned from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the 9th that through the analysis of Chang'e 5 and Chang'e 6 lunar soil samples, the international team led by Hao Jialong, a senior engineer of the Institute, systematically identified a variety of nitrogen containing organic matter on the surface of lunar soil particles, and revealed their complete evolution process from small planets and comets to the moon, and then through impact modification and solar wind irradiation. In the early solar system, asteroids and comets acted like "couriers" constantly transporting organic matter and life related elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur to Earth and other terrestrial planets, providing chemical raw materials for the origin of life. However, the geological activity on Earth is active, and most of the early records have been destroyed. In contrast, lunar geological activity is weaker and more likely to preserve the "original archives" of these extraterrestrial organic matter. The research team used various high-precision microscopy and spectroscopic analysis techniques to conduct detailed analysis of lunar soil particles from Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 missions. Research has found that the organic matter on the surface of lunar soil mainly appears in the form of submicron to micrometer scale particles, attachments, and inclusions, with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as the main components, and some also containing amide functional groups. "This shows that they are not simple graphite, but have experienced complex chemical recombination," said Dong Mingtan, the first author of the paper and a doctoral student at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopes of these organic matter are lighter than those in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, consistent with the characteristics of impact evaporation, condensation, and re deposition. That is to say, when asteroids and comets collide with the moon, they not only bring external organic matter, but also decompose and evaporate it at high temperatures, and then re condense on the mineral surface to form new nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing structures. The research team also discovered for the first time a signal of "solar wind injection" in lunar organic matter. The analysis of nano secondary ion probes showed significant changes in hydrogen isotopes and hydrogen carbon ratios in the vicinity of the surface of some attached organic matter, indicating that they were exposed to the lunar surface for a long time after their formation and were continuously "bombarded" by solar wind particles. Hao Jialong introduced that this type of solar wind injection signal is like a "fingerprint", ruling out the possibility of organic matter coming from Earth pollution. Hao Jialong stated that this achievement not only provides direct evidence for the preservation of extraterrestrial organic matter on the moon, but also provides technical support for China's subsequent deep space exploration missions. The micro area organic matter identification method established by the research is expected to be used for the study of samples collected and returned from Tianwen-2 asteroid. At the same time, it reveals the complete chain of lunar soil organic matter input from external sources, impact reconstruction, and spatial weathering, opening a new window for understanding the early history of organic matter transport in the solar system. (New Society)