A sound public health system is the "first line of defense" for safeguarding the physical health and safety of the entire population. The outline of the 15th Five Year Plan proposes to strengthen public health capabilities, deepen social co governance, medical prevention collaboration, and medical prevention integration, and establish a sound system for infectious disease prevention and control, emergency response, medical treatment, material support, and supervision and management. This deployment has pointed out the direction for promoting the modernization of public health governance. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has implemented the strategy of prioritizing health development and promoted the shift of the focus of health work from "disease treatment as the center" to "people's health as the center". At present, China has established the world's largest network direct reporting system for infectious disease outbreaks and public health emergencies, and has built a disease prevention and control team with advantages in responding to infectious diseases and public health emergencies. However, with changes in population structure, lifestyle, and accelerated personnel mobility, health risks such as newly emerging infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and occupational diseases are intertwined and stacked. The public health system still has shortcomings and weaknesses, such as the need to improve departmental collaboration and social participation mechanisms. During the 15th Five Year Plan period, it is necessary to use systematic thinking to plan and coordinate efforts, comprehensively promote the reform and capacity enhancement of the public health system. On the one hand, we will strengthen the construction of the grassroots medical and health network, enhance community prevention and control capabilities through digital means, improve departmental collaboration and social participation mechanisms, and build a "vertical to bottom, horizontal to edge" prevention and control network; On the other hand, based on "early detection and early disposal", we will promote the digital and intelligent transformation of disease prevention and control, establish national and provincial infectious disease monitoring and early warning platforms, and use artificial intelligence technology to achieve dynamic risk assessment and real-time early warning. Strengthening technological support and talent guarantee is the key to enhancing the resilience of the public health system. Accelerate the layout of preventive medicine research, strengthen research on key technologies such as public health, infectious disease prevention and control, chronic disease management, and health risk monitoring, establish national level special projects to support the research and development of multi link and multi valent vaccines, rapid diagnostic technologies, and promote collaborative innovation among industry, academia, research, and application. In terms of talent team building, we will improve the training plan for cross disciplinary and composite strategic talents in medical prevention and management, reserve a group of public health strategic scientists, and strengthen research on key technologies such as infectious disease prevention and control and chronic disease management. To strengthen the defense line of public health, we must also closely rely on the masses, deepen social governance, and integrate medical and preventive measures. Innovate the mobilization mechanism of patriotic health movement, integrate the concept of health management into the entire process of urban planning, construction and governance, and promote the deep integration of healthy city and civilized city construction. Strengthen health education through digital tools, enhance residents' health literacy, and guide the formation of a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, establish a scientific performance evaluation mechanism to ensure the normalization and long-term effectiveness of the patriotic health movement. (New Society)