The outline of the 15th Five Year Plan proposes the strategic goal of accelerating high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement, and analyzes the advantages of China's development, including the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, the advantages of a super large market, the advantages of a complete industrial system, and the advantages of abundant talent resources. To summarize these four advantages, the first advantage is China's institutional advantage, and the second to fourth advantages are China's great power advantage. Therefore, in accelerating the practice of achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement, China should fully leverage its institutional advantages while fully unleashing its great power advantages, including the advantages of a super large market, a complete industrial system, and abundant talent resources, to enhance the overall efficiency of technological innovation. Relying on the advantages of a super large market to gather innovative elements and generate technological innovation based on demand hypothesis, technology research and development is an economic activity that pursues profits. Potential technology demand can not only form an incentive mechanism for enterprises to engage in technology research and development, but also reduce the uncertainty of expected profits and research and development risks. Specifically, firstly, the expansion of technological demand leads to a decrease in research and development costs. The technological needs of many enterprises can dilute the cost of technological research and development, becoming a driving force for enterprises to carry out technological innovation; Secondly, with the expansion of product demand leading to a decrease in production costs, the huge market size may attract more enterprises to adopt new technologies, becoming the driving force for enterprises to adopt new technologies. In a super large market, due to the motivation of enterprises to carry out technological innovation and adopt new technologies, they can attract spatial agglomeration of various factors; Driven by this demand, factors such as capital and talent often gather in the vast space of market demand, cultivating large enterprises and industries here, and promoting economic prosperity and development. China has formed a super large market advantage and is a country with a population of 1.4 billion. With the significant increase in gross domestic product and per capita income, consumer demand and market size have rapidly expanded, and the super large market advantage has become the biggest advantage of China's economic development. So, how can we leverage the advantages of a super large market to promote the aggregation of innovative factors? One is to establish a unified factor market and promote the free flow of innovative factors. Through the construction of a unified national market, various institutional factors that hinder the free flow of factors are eliminated, industry barriers caused by fragmentation and regional barriers caused by fragmentation are broken down, promoting the orderly flow of technology research and development factors such as talent, capital, technology, and data, and achieving agglomeration through the siphon effect to form an innovation highland. The second is to improve the infrastructure for technological innovation and promote the efficiency of the use of innovative elements. By building high-level national major scientific and technological infrastructure and research and development platforms, especially key common technology platforms, constructing cross enterprise and cross industry incubation and testing platforms, providing more application scenarios and experimental venues, effectively solving the condition problems that are difficult for individual enterprises to solve, thereby saving innovation costs for enterprises and improving the efficiency of innovation elements in agglomeration space. Based on the advantage of a complete industrial system, the theory of industrial economics believes that the national economy is an inherently interconnected system, and there are organic and inevitable connections between various industrial sectors. Each industrial sector not only produces products to supply other sectors for consumption, but also purchases and consumes products produced by other industrial sectors, thus forming a network system in which various industrial sectors provide and purchase products from each other. China is a typical major country and cannot rely solely on imports to solve basic production and living material problems; After the founding of the People's Republic of China, we followed the principle of independence and self-reliance in carrying out economic construction. We made significant investments and advances in the three industries and various industrial sectors, establishing a relatively independent and complete national economic system, as well as a comprehensive industrial and technological system. At present, China is the country with the most complete industrial system in the world, covering 39 major categories, 191 medium categories, and 525 subcategories of the United Nations Industrial Classification. This complete industrial system is conducive to the formation of comprehensive production capacity and strong supply capacity, reflecting the unique industrial development advantages of super large scale countries. The large-scale market resources and the requirement to build an independent and modern strong country have prompted China to form a complete industrial system, which is the advantage of China's economic development. So, how can we leverage the advantages of a complete industrial system to promote the construction of innovation chains? One is to cultivate an innovation chain around the industrial chain and promote the deep integration of the industrial chain and the innovation chain. A complete industrial system can form a complete industrial chain, thus becoming a fundamental condition for building an innovation chain. We should utilize the interactive relationship between the industrial chain and the innovation chain, providing technological impetus for the modernization of the industrial chain through a high-level innovation chain, and providing carriers for the high-level innovation chain through a complete industrial chain. In particular, we should carry out technological breakthroughs in the weak links of the industrial chain, cultivate high-level innovation chains, and improve the industrial chain. The second is to leverage the scale advantages of large industries and enterprises to enhance the overall efficiency of the innovation chain. Large industries are important platforms for gathering innovative elements, and large enterprises are important platforms for tackling key core technologies. Through the pioneering role of leading enterprises in the industry, they can take the lead in mastering key core technologies, while driving small and medium-sized enterprises in supporting industries to respectively tackle the technology of industrial and product components, thus achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement in the deep integration of the industrial chain and innovation chain. Relying on the advantage of abundant talent resources to enhance innovation capabilities, the main body of technological innovation is enterprises, and the core resource of enterprises is talent. A high-level talent chain can support a high-level innovation chain, thereby supporting a high-level industrial chain and promoting high-quality economic development. In modern society, the quality of people is more important than their quantity, and talent resources are the most valuable resources. China is a typical populous country, and the Chinese people have a fine tradition of valuing education. Especially with the significant increase in national income, both the country and residents have increased their investment in human capital, thus creating an extremely rich talent resource. At present, the population with higher education in China has reached 250 million, and the number of skilled workers has reached 220 million; Especially with over 70 million highly skilled talents, equivalent to the total population of a major European country. This large-scale and structurally diverse talent resource is a vital force driving China's technological progress and an important supporting force for China's self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology. Chinese path to modernization is a modernization with a huge population, which has formed the advantage of rich human resources through long-term human capital investment. So, how can we leverage our abundant talent resources to enhance our innovation capabilities? One is to enhance the overall level of technological innovation through the enormous ability to enrich talent resources. Based on the characteristics of China's huge total talent resources and diverse structure, abundant talent resources can be allocated to various links of basic innovation and industrial innovation, specialized scientific research institutions and enterprise R&D institutions, thereby enhancing the level of basic innovation and industrial innovation, strengthening the research and development capabilities of enterprises, and improving the overall efficiency and level of national technological innovation. The second is to focus on cultivating cutting-edge technological talents and tracking international cutting-edge technologies. Relying on the advantage of abundant talent resources, we aim to cultivate a large number of strategic and technological talents, leading talents in science and technology, young scientific and technological talents, and high-level innovation teams with international standards, especially focusing on key areas such as integrated circuits, industrial mother machines, high-end instruments, basic software, advanced materials, and biomanufacturing. We will choose a reasonable technological route, overcome key core technologies in the industry, and form an independent knowledge system with independent intellectual property rights and international leading level, truly achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement. (New Society)