The 2025 Central Economic Work Conference proposed to "build international science and technology innovation centers in Beijing (Beijing Tianjin Hebei), Shanghai (Yangtze River Delta), and the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area". As a breakthrough innovation of the "regionalized national innovation system", expanding the Beijing International Science and Technology Innovation Center to the Beijing Tianjin Hebei region and the Shanghai International Science and Technology Innovation Center to the Yangtze River Delta aims to accelerate the formation of the main source of China's original innovation, jointly build a strategic guide for the construction of a scientific and technological power, and establish a benchmark for leading Chinese path to modernization with scientific and technological support, which has far-reaching strategic significance for the self-reliance and modernization of China's scientific and technological innovation. There has been a view that with the continuous development of economic globalization and information and communication technology, there will be an increasingly decentralized trend in scientific and technological innovation activities. However, innovative geography observes a contradictory feature: the more knowledge and R&D intensive the economic activities, the more it presents a trend of innovation clusters, and this trend of geographic spatial concentration is becoming increasingly evident. Evolutionary economists use the difference between organized knowledge and tacit knowledge to explain the above phenomenon. With the development of economic globalization, knowledge that can be organized is easier to obtain and rapidly spread, and those tacit knowledge that are not fully expressed or expressed often become key factors in determining innovation activities in a geographic space. Intuitive knowledge is often generated and disseminated through face-to-face communication and operation of "learning by doing". Although organizational and relational closeness can also promote the cross regional dissemination of tacit knowledge, spatial segregation still limits its degree of learning and innovation. Therefore, in today's rapidly evolving new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the construction of a regional innovation system has become an important foundation for a country's international competitive advantage. Innovation economists have classified two types of regional innovation systems: one is the "networked regional innovation system" based on localized interactive learning processes and the formation of developed division of labor and collaboration networks among enterprises in the region, and the other is the "regionalized national innovation system" in which various industrial links and institutional infrastructure are more integrated into the national innovation system or international innovation network. As a product of national planning, this type of regional innovation system is based on emerging industries and research and development intensive activities. Innovation activities occur more in cooperation with organizations outside the region, and the construction of high-tech parks is its main way of development. However, there is evidence to suggest that companies in high-tech industrial parks have limited connections with local industries, and have not effectively enhanced the innovation capabilities and competitiveness of industries within the region. Therefore, it is not truly a 'regionalized national innovation system'. Since the reform and opening up, China has drawn on the experience of countries and regions such as Singapore, introduced technology from developed Western countries through the construction of high-tech industrial parks and economic and technological development zones, undertaken their industrial transfer, and joined their dominant global value chain and industrial chain. While achieving great success, it has also led to the situation where some core technologies are subject to human control. In this situation, basic research often focuses on serving the international circulation, which may deviate from the needs of local industries, and the mechanism of "industry setting questions and technology answering questions" has not been established. From this perspective, the expansion of international science and technology innovation centers can not only fully leverage the role of Beijing and Shanghai as global hubs for organized knowledge flow, but also promote the endogenous development of industrial chains and innovation networks in the surrounding regions. Through the interactive learning process of local basic research and industrial innovation, it will create the main source of China's original innovation. The key measure to improve the new national system is the new technological revolution, which has always been the high ground of international competition. In the context of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, facing the intensification of international competition, expanding the construction scope of international science and technology innovation centers and building a truly "regionalized national innovation system" are key measures to improve China's new national system for scientific and technological innovation. At present, the new national system is manifested in two modes: one is the centralized type where product demand is provided by the state, technology routes are relatively determined, and technological changes are slow, and the other is the network type where technology and product innovation mainly come from market demand, with high innovation risks and rapid technological iteration. Special attention should be paid to the network-based national system, which has two main reasons for its emergence. On the one hand, it is an inherent requirement for innovation in the new technological revolution. The new technological revolution is the exploration of unknown fields, without ready-made markets and benchmark goals. Technological innovation faces enormous uncertainty, and there is a risk of path locking in the technological path. It requires extensive trial and error and encouragement of competition among different technological paths. Therefore, a networked national system with relatively decentralized decision-making has become an inevitable choice to embrace the new technological revolution and create future industries. On the other hand, it is a product of the increasingly complex and interdisciplinary collaboration in modern knowledge production and innovation activities. The increasing technological complexity means that innovation requires frequent face-to-face collaboration, bringing together people with diverse scientific or engineering expertise for interdisciplinary research and development. This makes the network of close cooperation between various research and development organizations, government agencies, and industries increasingly important, and the networking of innovation systems has become a trend. Therefore, an important purpose of expanding the international science and technology innovation center is to build a "regionalized national innovation system" that integrates strong basic research and related industrial clusters, achieving deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and laying a solid foundation for a networked new national system. At the same time, the expansion of the International Science and Technology Innovation Center has given a new mission to the traditional "regional national innovation system" and transformed it into an important carrier of the new national system with Chinese characteristics. In the history of developed market economies such as the United States, the central government has almost never planned for regional industrial clusters or regional innovation systems. Industrial clusters or regional innovation systems are basically the product of market self-organization and local government policies. At the central level, China coordinates the construction of international science and technology innovation centers in Beijing (Beijing Tianjin Hebei), Shanghai (Yangtze River Delta), and the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area, which can promote mutual learning, competition, and differentiated development of the three national level regional innovation systems. An important step in building a new development pattern is the innovation of a new technology, which goes through the process of basic research, applied research, invention and patent application, prototype design, product design, production pilot, mass production, and product sales (creating initial markets). However, the innovation process is not a linear sequential stage, but rather involves complex feedback loops between each stage and is subject to the dominant influence of the innovation system composed of institutions, organizations, and ideas. The essence of expanding the construction scope of the International Science and Technology Innovation Center is to break through the limitations of administrative divisions and build a "regionalized national innovation system" characterized by innovation networks and innovation ecosystems. Among them, Beijing and Shanghai, as the central cities, will absorb a large amount of rapidly flowing and organized knowledge from around the world. The entire region will be transformed according to its resource endowment and other specific conditions, with a focus on solving major practical problems in China. An innovation organization and coordination mechanism will be developed, with local basic research as the main body and domestic technology problems and product technology development as the center, to create an independent innovation community based on China's local conditions. Each new technological revolution will not only create a new dominant sector system composed of new universal technologies and several emerging industries, but also create a "new technological economic paradigm" composed of new ideas, new organizations, and new business management principles. It will not only lead to a quantum leap of new quality productivity in all economic activities, but also have extensive diffusion effects in the national economic system, overturning the old technological economic paradigm and causing a hurricane like "creative destruction" in traditional industries. Regionalization is not only a mechanism for the diffusion effect of the "new technological economic paradigm", but also a way to achieve increasing scale returns and specialized division of labor for emerging and future industries, with extensive external economic effects in infrastructure, human capital, and technological learning. The expansion of the Beijing and Shanghai International Science and Technology Innovation Centers will fully leverage the lateral linkage effect of the new leading sector system within the region, and radiate to other regions through linkage effects such as employment, income, and consumption, promoting a new pattern of a virtuous cycle in the domestic economic cycle. Author: Jia Genliang (Professor at the School of Economics, Renmin University of China)